Mu gihe u Rwanda rukomeje kugaragaza uruhare rwarwo ku ruhando mpuzamahanga, haba mu bijyanye n’umutekano, dipolomasi ndetse n’iterambere rirambye, uruzinduko rudasanzwe rw’itsinda ry’abanyeshuri 41 baturutse muri Harvard University ruherutse kubera mu Rwanda rwatumye benshi bibaza impamvu nyamukuru iri inyuma yarwo n’icyo rushobora gusobanura ku mubano w’u Rwanda n’ibigo bikomeye by’ubumenyi ku isi.
Aba banyeshuri bari mu ruzinduko rw’iminsi irindwi mu Rwanda, aho bagamije kwiga ku buryo igihugu cyabashije kwiyubaka nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ndetse no gusobanukirwa imikorere y’inzego zacyo zinyuranye.
Mu bikorwa by’ingenzi byaranze uru ruzinduko harimo gusura icyicaro gikuru cy’Ingabo z’u Rwanda (RDF), igikorwa cyafashwe nk’ikidasanzwe ku banyeshuri baturuka mu bihugu bikomeye nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Bakigera ku cyicaro gikuru cya RDF, aba banyeshuri bakiriwe na Ronald Rwivanga, Umuvugizi w’Ingabo z’u Rwanda, wari uhagarariye Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo. Mu kiganiro cyabaye, basobanuriwe amateka y’Ingabo z’u Rwanda kuva mu bihe by’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu kugeza ku rugendo rwo kubaka igisirikare kigezweho, gifite icyerekezo gishingiye ku mutekano w’igihugu no ku ruhare mpuzamahanga.
Icyagarutsweho cyane ni uko RDF atari igisirikare gisanzwe, ahubwo ari urwego rwubakiye ku mahame yihariye arimo gukunda igihugu, ubunyamwuga, n’inshingano yo kurinda abaturage. Aba banyeshuri basobanuriwe uko nyuma ya 1994, igihugu cyari cyasenyutse cyabashije kongera kubaka inzego z’umutekano zizewe, zifasha mu kugarura ituze no kubaka icyizere mu baturage.
Ariko se, ni iki cyihishe inyuma y’uru ruzinduko?
Abasesenguzi mu bya dipolomasi n’uburezi mpuzamahanga bagaragaza ko uru ruzinduko rufite ibisobanuro birenze kure urwego rwo kwiga gusa. Icya mbere ni uko ari ikimenyetso cy’uko u Rwanda rukomeje kwiyubakira izina rikomeye mu bijyanye n’imiyoborere n’umutekano, bigatuma ibigo bikomeye nka Harvard byifuza kurwigiraho.
Icya kabiri, uru ruzinduko rushobora gufatwa nk’igice cy’imbaraga z’u Rwanda zo gukoresha “soft power” mu kwiyereka isi. Mu kwakira abanyeshuri baturuka mu gihugu gikomeye nka Amerika, u Rwanda ruba rwerekana isura yarwo nyayo, itandukanye n’amakuru amwe n’amwe akunze gutangazwa n’itangazamakuru mpuzamahanga atagaragaza ukuri kose.
Icya gatatu, ni uburyo bwo gutegura abayobozi b’ejo hazaza. Aba banyeshuri bo muri Harvard benshi muri bo bazaba abayobozi, abashakashatsi cyangwa abanyapolitiki mu myaka iri imbere. Kuba basobanuriwe amateka n’imikorere y’u Rwanda, by’umwihariko urwego rw’umutekano, bishobora kuzagira uruhare mu myumvire yabo ku Rwanda mu gihe kizaza.
Mu kiganiro bahawe, banasobanuriwe uruhare rwa RDF mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro ku mugabane wa Afurika, aho ingabo z’u Rwanda zimaze kumenyekana mu bihugu byinshi birimo Repubulika ya Santarafurika na Mozambique. Ibi bikorwa byafashwe nk’urugero rw’uko igihugu gito gishobora kugira uruhare runini mu mutekano w’akarere n’isi muri rusange.
Uretse ibijyanye n’umutekano, aba banyeshuri banahawe ishusho y’iterambere u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho mu bumwe n’ubwiyunge. Basobanuriwe uko gahunda zitandukanye zashyizweho zifasha Abanyarwanda kongera kubana mu mahoro nyuma y’amateka mabi igihugu cyanyuzemo, ndetse n’uko iterambere ryubakiye ku bumwe ari ryo shingiro ry’ejo hazaza heza.
Ku rundi ruhande, bamwe mu basesenguzi bagaragaza ko uru ruzinduko rufite n’ubutumwa bwa politiki, cyane cyane mu gihe u Rwanda rukomeje kuganira n’amahanga ku bibazo by’umutekano mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari. Kwakira abanyeshuri baturuka muri Amerika bishobora gufatwa nk’uburyo bwo gutanga indi shusho y’u Rwanda itandukanye n’ivugwa mu mpaka za politiki mpuzamahanga.
Uruzinduko rw’itsinda ry’abanyeshuri ba Harvard ku cyicaro gikuru cya RDF si igikorwa gisanzwe cyo kwiga gusa, ahubwo ni igikorwa gifite uburemere mu bya dipolomasi, uburezi no kwubakwa kw’isura y’igihugu ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ni uruzinduko rwerekana uko u Rwanda rukomeje gufungura imiryango yarwo ku isi, rwerekana amateka yarwo, ibyagezweho n’icyerekezo cyarwo cy’ejo hazaza.
Mu gihe isi ikomeje kureba ku Rwanda nk’igihugu cyihuta mu iterambere no mu mutekano, ibikorwa nk’ibi bishimangira ko urugendo rwarwo rutari urw’imbere mu gihugu gusa, ahubwo ko rufite n’ingaruka nini ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Mu rwego rwo kurushaho gusobanukirwa uburemere bw’uruhare RDF igira ku rwego mpuzamahanga, abanyeshuri ba Harvard University banahawe amakuru ajyanye n’imbogamizi n’ibiganiro bikomeje ku nkunga mpuzamahanga, by’umwihariko itangwa n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi (EU) ku bikorwa byo kurwanya iterabwoba mu ntara ya Cabo Delgado muri Mozambique.
Ibi byatumye barushaho gusobanukirwa ko ibikorwa by’umutekano atari iby’imbere mu gihugu gusa, ahubwo bifitanye isano n’imibanire ya politiki n’ubukungu ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Ni uruzinduko ruje nyuma nyuma y’ibihano byafashwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku bayobozi bamwe bakuru b’Ingabo z’u Rwanda.
Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangaje ko ibyo bihano byashyizweho ku wa 2 Werurwe 2026 bidashingiye ku kuri kw’ibibera mu burasirazuba bwa RDC, ahubwo ko bibogamye ku ruhande rumwe. U Rwanda rwagaragaje ko ibyo birego byo gufatanya n’umutwe wa M23 rwabihakanye kenshi, kandi ko bidahuye n’amakuru afatika ku bibera ku rugamba.
Ibihano byafatiwe abayobozi barimo Mubarakh Muganga, Vincent Nyakarundi, Stanislas Gashugi na Ruki Karusisi, ndetse na RDF nk’urwego, bigizwe n’ingamba z’ubukungu zibabuza kugera ku mitungo yabo iri muri Amerika cyangwa igenzurwa n’abayituye, iyo mitungo igahita ifatirwa n’Ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura umutungo wo mu mahanga, OFAC.
U Rwanda rugaragaza ko ibi bihano byirengagiza ukuri kw’ibibera mu karere, aho rushinja ubuyobozi bwa RDC gukomeza kurenga ku masezerano y’amahoro yashyiriweho umukono i Washington ku wa 4 Ukuboza 2025. Nubwo ayo masezerano yari agamije guhagarika imirwano, u Rwanda ruvuga ko RDC yakomeje kugaba ibitero birimo n’iby’indege zitagira abapilote mu bice bitandukanye, bigatwara ubuzima bw’abasivili no guteza umutekano muke.
Ikindi u Rwanda rushimangira ni uko ibyo bihano bidaha agaciro ikibazo gikomeye cy’umutwe wa FDLR, ugizwe n’abasize bakoze Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ukomeje gukorana n’ingabo za RDC n’indi mitwe irimo Wazalendo. Nubwo RDC yemeye mu masezerano ko igomba guhagarika imikoranire n’uyu mutwe, u Rwanda ruvuga ko nta gikorwa gifatika cyigeze kigaragara cyerekana ko ibyo byubahirijwe.
U Rwanda rugaragaza ko inshingano nyamukuru za RDF ari ukurinda umutekano w’igihugu n’abaturage barwo, kandi ko izo nshingano zidashobora guteshwa agaciro n’ibihano bifatwa hadakurikijwe ukuri k’ibibera mu karere. Ibi byatumye abanyeshuri basobanurirwa neza ko inyuma y’ibikorwa bya gisirikare n’umutekano, haba hariho n’urundi rwego rukomeye rw’imikoranire ya politiki mpuzamahanga igena uko ibyo bikorwa bisobanurwa n’uko byakirwa ku isi.
Ni uruzinduko ruje kandi nyuma yuko minsi ishize, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ibinyujije ku Muvugizi wayo Yolande Makolo yagaragaje ko gukomeza ubutumwa bwa RDF muri Cabo Delgado bisaba inkunga ihagije, mu gihe amakuru yatangajwe na Bloomberg avuga ko amasezerano y’inkunga ya EU ashobora kurangira muri Gicurasi 2026 atongeye kongerwa. Iyi nkunga ya miliyoni 20 z’ama-Euro yari yemejwe mu Ugushyingo 2024, ikaba yarakurikiye indi yatanzwe mu 2022, igamije gushyigikira ibikorwa byo guhashya iterabwoba.
Icyakora, u Rwanda rugaragaza ko iyo nkunga, n’ubwo ari ingenzi, atari yo shingiro ry’ubutumwa bw’ingabo zarwo. Nk’uko Makolo yabivuze, ingabo z’u Rwanda zoherejwe muri Mozambique mu 2021 zibisabwe na Leta y’iki gihugu, mu rwego rwo gufasha igihugu kivandimwe guhangana n’iterabwoba. Yashimangiye ko n’ubwo inkunga ihari, u Rwanda rushora amafaranga arenze kure ayo ruhabwa, aho bivugwa ko ikiguzi cy’ubu butumwa gikubye inshuro zirenga icumi inkunga ya EU.
Ibi byiyongeraho igitambo gikomeye cy’abasirikare b’u Rwanda bitanga, bamwe bakahasiga ubuzima, mu guharanira kugarura amahoro n’umutekano muri Cabo Delgado. Makolo yavuze ko iyi ari imwe mu mpamvu zerekana ko uruhare rwa RDF rudashingiye ku nyungu z’amafaranga gusa, ahubwo rufite ishingiro mu ndangagaciro zo kurinda ubuzima bw’abaturage no gushyigikira ituze ry’akarere.
Ku rundi ruhande, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda igaragaza ko umusaruro w’ubu butumwa ugaragara neza. Abaturage benshi basubiye mu byabo, ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byongeye gukora, abana basubira ku mashuri, ndetse n’ishoramari rikomeye cyane cyane mu bijyanye na gaz rikomeza gukorwa. Ibi byose, nk’uko Makolo abivuga, bigaragaza ko ibikorwa bya RDF bifitiye akamaro atari Mozambique gusa, ahubwo n’abashoramari mpuzamahanga n’ubukungu bw’akarere muri rusange.
Tubibutse ko mushobora gukomeza kudukurikirana ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.
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